研究

• Effects of Grounding (Earthing) on Massage Therapists: An Exploratory Study, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2018年2月）

  A doubled-blind randomized controlled trial was designed to examine the effects of working and sleeping grounded for 4 weeks on massage therapists’ blood viscosity, stress, inflammation and oxidative stress (MPO and MDA) biomarkers. The results show stress reduction as measured by heart rate, respiratory rate and heart rate variability (HRV) and a lowering effect on blood viscosity that lasted for at least one week after ungrounding, with systolic blood viscosity becoming significantly lower at the end of the study. Inflammation markers increased rapidly, within one week, after ungrounding. The findings suggest that grounding is beneficial for massage therapists in multiple domains relevant to health and wellbeing.

• Grounding after moderate eccentric contractions reduces muscle damage, オレゴン大学 （2015年5月）

  Grounding significantly reduced the loss of creatine kinase from the injured muscles indicating reduced muscle damage.

• The Effect Of Grounding The Human Body On Mood, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2015年4月）

  Pleasant and positive moods statistically significantly improved among grounded — but not sham-grounded — participants.
  Results: The Grounded group showed a significant increase in the Pleasant– Unpleasant mood scale, indicating a more pleasant experience; a significant increase in the Positive–Tired mood scale, meaning feeling less tired and more positive; and a significant decrease in the Negative–Relaxed mood scale, becoming less negative and more relaxed. For the Shamgrounded group, the change in scores on the Pleasant–Unpleasant scale was significant, while for the other three tests there were no significant changes. Neither group had a significant change in the Arousal–Calm mood scale. Combining the results of these mood scales, it is apparent that the Grounded group had a more pleasant experience, felt more positive, less negative, and more relaxed than the control group.

• Emotional Stress, Heart Rate Variability, Grounding, and Improved Autonomic Tone: Clinical Applications, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2015年4月）

  When one grounds to the electron-enriched earth, an improved balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system occurs. Previous investigations reported a marked change in biological parameters after about 20 to 30 minutes, others in several days, and a few others show a drastic change immediately at grounding (<2 sec). Skin conductance and electroencephalographic and electromyographic recordings showed the most immediate and profound changes.6,8 This study showed a positive trend in Heart Rate Variability that kept improving all the way to the end of the 40-minute period of grounding, suggesting a greater benefit with time.

• The neuromodulative role of earthing, ポーランド軍事病院 （2011年8月）

  Earthing significantly influences on the electrical activity of the brain. We hypothesize that earthing through its complex action on bioelectrical environment of human organism and alternations in electrolyte concentrations regulates correct functioning of the nervous system.

• Changes in Pulse Rate, Respiratory Rate, Blood Oxygenation, Perfusion Index, Skin Conductance, and Their Variability Induced During and After Grounding Human Subjects for 40 Minutes, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2010年1月）

  These skin conductance changes suggest that grounding increases parasympathetic system function and/or reduces sympathetic system function. In that regard, the present results support previous studies reporting reduction in stress and improved sleep and relaxation.

• The effect of Earthing (grounding) on human physiology, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2005年11月）

  Earthing decreased blood volume pulse (BVP) in 19 of 22 experimental subjects (p < 0.001) and in 8 of 30 controls (p ≅ 0.1, not significant); heart rate (HR) was not affected. From these results, it appears that earthing the human body has significant effects on electrophysiological properties of the brain and musculature, on the blood volume pulse, and on the noise and stability of electrophysiological recordings. Taken together, the changes in EEG, EMG, and BVP suggest reductions in overall stress levels and tensions, and a shift in autonomic balance upon earthing.

• Grounding Patients With Hypertension Improves Blood Pressure: A Case History Series Study, ハートワイズフィットネスと長寿センター （2018年11月）

  All 10 patient measurements were found to be significantly improved at the end of the trial period, and some, well before the end. The results indicate that grounding appears to be a safe BP-reducing therapy warranting further research.

• Grounding the Human Body Improves Facial Blood Flow Regulation: Results of a Randomized, Placebo Controlled Pilot Study, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2014年12月）

  Facial blood flow regulation clearly improved among grounded— but not sham-grounded—subjects. The results demonstrate, for the first time, that even one-hour contact with the earth restores blood flow regulation to the face suggesting enhanced skin tissue repair and improved facial appearance with possible implications for overall health.

• Earthing (Grounding) the Human Body Reduces Blood Viscosity—a Major Factor in Cardiovascular Disease, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2013年11月）

  Conclusions: Grounding increases the surface charge on RBCs and thereby reduces blood viscosity and clumping. Grounding appears to be one of the simplest and yet most profound interventions for helping reduce cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular events.

• Differences in Blood Urea and Creatinine Concentrations in Earthed and Unearthed Subjects during Cycling Exercise and Recovery, ポーランド軍事病院 （2013年8月）

  Significantly lower blood urea levels were observed in subjects earthed during exercise and relaxation... Earthing during exercise affects protein metabolism, resulting in a positive nitrogen balance.

• Effectiveness of Grounded Sleeping on Recovery After Intensive Eccentric Muscle Loading, ザルツブルク大学 （2019年1月）

  Grounding was shown to result in faster recovery and/or less pronounced markers of muscle damage and inflammation. Grounding might be seen as a simple methodology to enhance acute and long-term recovery after intensive eccentric exercises.

• One-Hour Contact with the Earth's Surface (Grounding) Improves Inflammation and Blood Flow—A Randomized, Double-Blind, Pilot Study, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2015年8月）

  Even one-hour contact with the Earth appears to promote significantly autonomic nervous system control of body fluids and peripheral blood flow that may improve blood circulation in the torso and face, facial tissue repair, skin health and vitality and optimize facial appearance.

• Grounding the Human Body during Yoga Exercise with a Grounded Yoga Mat Reduces Blood Viscosity, オレゴン大学 （2015年4月）

  Results: Subjects connected to the earth significantly reduced their post exercise systolic blood viscosity (p = 0.03) and diastolic blood viscosity (p = 0.03).
  Conclusion: Grounding has the ability to affect exercise induced inflammation, thereby reducing blood viscosity.

• The effects of grounding (earthing) on inflammation, the immune response, wound healing, and prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2014年7月）

  These observations indicate that grounding or earthing the human body significantly alters the inflammatory response to an injury.

• The Effect Of Earthing On Human Physiology Part 2: Electrode Measurements, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2007年）

  Grounding the body produces a reduction in tension (relaxation) of the internal organs and a reduction in inflammation. We also postulated that the body was developed to take advantage of the contact with the earth through the feet by developing a system of distribution of electrons through the kidney meridian... grounded subjects experienced a reduction in stress and a normalization of the functioning of the auronomic nervous system after earthing.

• Clinical Earthing Application in 20 Case Studies, 国際臨床サーモグラフィアカデミー （2004年）

  [Earthing] is showing incredible promise as one of the most significant advances in the treatment of both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.

• The Effects of Grounding (Earthing) on Bodyworkers' Pain and Overall Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2019年5月）

  As a group, therapists experienced significant increases in physical function and energy and significant decreases in fatigue, depressed mood, tiredness and pain while grounded as compared to not being grounded. At one-month following the study, physical function was also increased and depressed mood and fatigue were decreased.

• The effects of grounding (earthing) on inflammation, the immune response, wound healing, and prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, 自然の独自研究会 （2014年6月）

  The grounded subjects experienced less pain, as revealed with both the analog soreness scale and by their ability to tolerate a higher pressure from the blood pressure cuff.

• Earthing: Health Implications of Reconnecting the Human Body to the Earth's Surface Electrons, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2012年1月）

  Most grounded subjects described symptomatic improvement while most in the control group did not. Some subjects reported significant relief from asthmatic and respiratory conditions, rheumatoid arthritis, PMS, sleep apnea, and hypertension while sleeping grounded. These results indicated that the effects of earthing go beyond reduction of pain and improvements in sleep.

• Pilot Study on the Effect of Grounding on Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness, オレゴン大学 （2010年3月）

  Grounded test subjects had an 83%-86% reduction in perceived pain compared to placebo ungrounded subjects. In addition, a blood pressure cuff test showed a 26%-45% increase in ability to tolerate blood pressure cuff discomfort in grounded patients over the placebo, ungrounded control group.

• The Biologic Effects of Grounding the Human Body During Sleep as Measured by Cortisol Levels and Subjective Reporting of Sleep, Pain, and Stress （2004年10月）

  Results: Ten (10) of 12 subjects reported decreased pain with sleep, 1 reported no change, and 1 reported worsening of pain. Of the 11 subjects who reported, pregrounding, that pain interfered with general activities, 7 reported improvement and 4 reported no change after sleeping grounded to earth.
  Conclusions: subjective reporting indicates that grounding the human body to earth during sleep improves sleep and reduces pain and stress.

• Earthing: Health Implications of Reconnecting the Human Body to the Earth's Surface Electrons, カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校 （2012年1月）

  Most grounded subjects described symptomatic improvement while most in the control group did not. Some subjects reported significant relief from asthmatic and respiratory conditions, rheumatoid arthritis, PMS, sleep apnea, and hypertension while sleeping grounded. These results indicated that the effects of earthing go beyond reduction of pain and improvements in sleep.

• The Biologic Effects of Grounding the Human Body During Sleep as Measured by Cortisol Levels and Subjective Reporting of Sleep, Pain, and Stress （2004年10月）

  Results: Subjectively reported improvements in sleep were significant. It is possible that these improvements (11 of 12 subjects reported that they fell asleep more quickly and all 12 reported waking fewer times at night) are the result of a reduction in stress as a result of being grounded to earth; stress reduction being indicated by the restoration of more normal circadian cortisol profiles. Grounding the body to earth at night during sleep also appears to affect morning fatigue levels, daytime energy, and night-time pain levels.
  Conclusions: Results indicate that grounding the human body to earth ("earthing") during sleep reduces night-time levels of cortisol and resynchronizes hormone cortisol secretion more in alignment with the natural 24-hour circadian rhythm profile. Changes were most apparent in females.

Studies on negative ions and free radicals

While the active mechanism behind the health enhancing effects of earthing is as yet still uncertain, it has been suggested that it may be due to the uptake of negative ions from the earth, which bind to free radicals within the body, thereby reducing inflammation.

• Oxygen Free Radicals and the Systemic Inflammatory Response, バルセロナ生物医学研究所 （2004年4月）

  Free radicals exert their toxic effects at the site of inflammation by reacting with different cell components, inducing loss of function and cell death.

• Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with a high-output negative ionizer, コロンビア大学 （1995年1月）

  Treatment with a high-density negative ionizer appears to act as a specific antidepressant for patients with seasonal affective disorder.