研究

• Can we help just by good intentions? A meta-analysis of experiments on distant intention effects, アルベルト・ルートヴィヒ大学フライブルク （2012年11月）

  Results: The model yielded an overall effect size of d=0.11 (p=0.03).

  Conclusions: The hypothesis of the positive effect of benevolent intentions is supported by the data presented.

• Distant Healing Of Surgical Wounds: An Exploratory Study, ノエティック・サイエンス研究所 （2012年7月）

  A post-hoc analysis found that among participants assigned to receive distant healing intention under blinded conditions, those undergoing reconstructive surgery after breast cancer treatment reported significantly better change in mood than those who were undergoing purely elective cosmetic surgery (P = .004).

• Study of the therapeutic effects of proximal intercessory prayer (STEPP) on auditory and visual impairments in rural Mozambique, インディアナ大学 （2010年9月）

  Subjects exhibited improved audition and/or visual acuity subsequent to proximal intercessory prayer. The magnitude of measured effects exceeds that reported in previous suggestion and hypnosis studies.

• Compassionate intention as a therapeutic intervention by partners of cancer patients: effects of distant intention on the patients' autonomic nervous system ノエティック・サイエンス研究所 （2008年7月）

  Design: Skin conductance level was measured in each member of a couple, both of whom were asked to feel the presence of the other.

  Results: Overall, receivers’ skin conductance increased during the intention epochs (z = 3.9; P = .00009, two-tailed).

  Conclusions: Directing intention toward a distant person is correlated with activation of that person's autonomic nervous system. Strong motivation to heal and to be healed, and training on how to cultivate and direct compassionate intention, may further enhance this effect.

• Effects of healing intention on cultured cells and truly random events ノエティック・サイエンス研究所 （2004年2月）

  Conclusions: Results were consistent with the postulate that healing intention, applied repeatedly in a given location, may alter or condition that site so as to enhance the growth of treated cell cultures compared to untreated controls. Repeated intentions also appear to be associated with a general increase in negentropy or statistical order.

• Measuring effects of music, noise, and healing energy using a seed germination bioassay, アリゾナ大学 （2004年2月）

  Objective: To measure biologic effects of music, noise, and healing energy without human preferences or placebo effects using seed germination as an objective biomarker.

  Methods: Healing energy was administered for 15-20 minutes every 12 hours with the intention that the treated seeds would germinate faster than the untreated seeds.

  Results: Healing energy had a significant effect compared to an untreated control (main condition, p < 0.0006) and over time (p < 0.0001) with a magnitude of effect comparable to that of musical sound.

  Conclusion: This study suggests that sound vibrations (music and noise) as well as biofields (bioelectromagnetic and healing intention) both directly affect living biologic systems, and that a seed germination bioassay has the sensitivity to enable detection of effects caused by various applied energetic conditions.

• Effects of remote, retroactive intercessory prayer on outcomes in patients with bloodstream infection: randomised controlled trial, イスラエルのラビン医療センター （2001年12月）

  Results: Mortality was 28.1% in the intervention group and 30.2% in the control group. Length of stay in hospital and duration of fever were significantly shorter in the intervention group than in the control group.

  Conclusions: Remote, retroactive intercessory prayer said for a group is associated with a shorter stay in hospital and shorter duration of fever in patients with a bloodstream infection and should be considered for use in clinical practice.

• A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effects of Remote, Intercessory Prayer on Outcomes in Patients Admitted to the Coronary Care Unit, カンザスのセントルーク病院 （1999年10月）

  Conclusions: Remote, intercessory prayer was associated with shorter hospital stays and speedier recoveries. This result suggests that prayer may be an effective adjunct to standard medical care.

• Positive therapeutic effects of intercessory prayer in a coronary care unit population, サンフランシスコ総合病院 （1988年7月）.

  Results: Of the multiple variables measured, congestive heart failure, cardiopulmonary arrest, pneumonia, diuretics, antibiotics, and intubation/ventilation were seen less frequently in the prayer group.

  The prayer group had shorter stays in the CCU and presented fewer complications than the control group.

• Feeling the future: A meta-analysis of 90 experiments on the anomalous anticipation of random future events, コーネル大学 （2015年10月）

  Hypothesis: an individual’s cognitive and affective responses can be influenced by randomly selected stimulus events that do not occur until after his or her responses have already been made and recorded, a generalized variant of the phenomenon traditionally denoted by the term precognition.

  Results: We here report a meta-analysis of 90 experiments from 33 laboratories in 14 countries which yielded an overall effect greater than 6 sigma, z = 6.40, p = 1.2 × 10-10 with an effect size (Hedges’ g) of 0.09. A Bayesian analysis yielded a Bayes Factor of 1.4 × 109, greatly exceeding the criterion value of 100 for “decisive evidence” in support of the experimental hypothesis.

• Linking Minds Through Joint Attention, ルパート・シェルドレイク （2015年10月）

  Joint attention is the shared focus of two or more people on the same thing... In this investigation the participants worked in pairs. They were separated by a wall in such a way that they could not see each other, but both could see a target object such as an apple. One participant ('the guesser') had to guess whether or not the other person ('the looker') was looking at the object.

  The total number of hits was 3,255 (52.5%), significantly above the chance level of 50% (p = 0.00003). In 155 of the tests the hit rate was above chance, and in 109 below chance. The data suggest that the guessers were picking up unidentified influences from the lookers.

• Automated Tests for Telephone Telepathy Using Mobile Phones, ルパート・シェルドレイク （2015年7月）

  In 745 trials with two callers, there were 411 hits (55.2%), above the 50% chance level (P = .003).

• AWARE-AWAreness during REsuscitation-a prospective study, ニューヨーク州立大学 （2014年12月）

  In some cases of cardiac arrest, memories of visual awareness compatible with so called out-of-body experiences may correspond with actual events.

  Cardiac arrest survivors commonly experience a broad range of cognitive themes, with 2% exhibiting full awareness. This supports other recent studies that have indicated consciousness may be present despite clinically undetectable consciousness.

  Summary of study here

• Let Your Eyes Predict: Prediction Accuracy of Pupillary Responses to Random Alerting and Neutral Sounds, パドヴァ大学 （2011年10月）

  Abstract: This study investigates the prediction accuracy of anticipatory pupil dilation responses in humans prior to the random presentation of alerting or neutral sounds. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the autonomous nervous system may react prior to the presentation of random stimuli.

  The pupil dilation of both males and females predicted alerting sounds approximately 10% more accurately than would be expected by chance, whereas neutral sounds were predicted at the chance level.

  PDF here

• Feeling the future: experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognition and affect, コーネル大学 （2011年3月）

  Data are presented for 4 time-reversed effects: precognitive approach to erotic stimuli and precognitive avoidance of negative stimuli; retroactive priming; retroactive habituation; and retroactive facilitation of recall. The mean effect size (d) in psi performance across all 9 experiments was 0.22, and all but one of the experiments yielded statistically significant results.

  Using nine studies and about 1,000 students, he demonstrated that individuals can predict outcome on a variety of measures, from which side of a computer screen a picture will appear on to how many words they can recall from a list. His findings show that just over half of those involved had the ability to predict outcomes.

  Over 100 sessions, the subjects consistently performed above chance, and correctly located the erotic image 53.1 percent of the time.

  Full paper here

• Do You Know Who is Calling? Experiments on Anomalous Cognition in Phone Call Receivers, アルベルト・ルートヴィヒ大学フライブルク （2009年3月）

  Our data strongly suggests that there are a few participants who are able to score reliably and repeatedly above chance.

• The Sense of Being Stared At: An Automated Test on the Internet, ルパート・シェルドレイク （2008年）

  The average hit rate was 53.0% (p <1x10-6); 268 participants scored above the chance level of 10 out of 20, 150 below, and 80 at the chance level.

• Replicable functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of correlated brain signals between physically and sensory isolated subjects, ワシントン大学 （2005年12月）

  These data replicate previous findings suggesting that correlated neural signals may be detected by fMRI and EEG in the brains of subjects who are physically and sensorily isolated from each other.

• Event-related electroencephalographic correlations between isolated human subjects, ノエティック・サイエンス研究所 （2004年4月）

  Under certain conditions, the EEG of a sensorially isolated human subject can become correlated with event-related potentials in a distant person's EEG. This suggests the presence of an unknown form of energetic or informational interaction.

• Electrophysiological evidence of intuition, ハートマス研究所 （2004年4月）

  Objectives: The first objective, presented in two empirical papers (Part 1 ^PDF and Part 2 ^PDF), was to replicate and extend the results of previous experiments demonstrating that the body can respond to an emotionally arousing stimulus seconds before it is actually experienced.

  Results: The main findings presented here are: (1) surprisingly, both the heart and brain appear to receive and respond to intuitive information; (2) even more surprisingly, there is compelling evidence that the heart appears to receive intuitive information before the brain; (3) there were significant differences in prestimulus event-related potentials for calm versus emotional stimuli.

• Who is calling at this hour? Local sidereal time and telephone telepathy, アムステルダム大学 （2004年1月）

  Analyses show a significant over-all scoring rate of 29.4% (p = .05). The results are in support of the existence of telephone telepathy.

• Electrodermal Presentiments of Future Emotions, ノエティック・サイエンス研究所 （2004年）

  Abstract: In previously reported double-blind experiments, electrodermal activity (EDA) monitored during display of randomly selected photographs showed that EDA was higher before emotional photos than before calm photos (p = 0.002). This differential effect, suggestive of precognition, was dubbed "presentiment."

  The new studies again showed higher EDA before emotional photos than before calm photos (p = 0.001)... As a more general test, presentiment predicts a positive correlation between pre-stimulus EDA and independently assessed emotionality ratings of the photo targets. The observed correlation across all four experiments was significantly positive (p = 0.008).

• Correlations between brain electrical activities of two spatially separated human subjects, ドイツのIGPP （2003年1月）

  Six channels electroencephalogram (EEG) were recorded simultaneously from pairs of separated human subjects in two acoustically and electromagnetically shielded rooms. While brain electric responses to visual pattern-reversal stimuli were elicited in one subject, the other subject relaxed without stimulation... Significant departures of Q ratios from reference distributions, based on baseline EEG in non-stimulation periods, were found in most non-stimulated subjects. The results indicate that correlations between brain activities of two separated subjects may occur, although no biophysical mechanism is known.

• A Dog That Seems to Know When His Owner Is Coming Home: Videotaped Experiments and Observations, ルパート・シェルドレイク （2000年）

  Many dog owners claim that their animals know when a member of the household is about to come home, showing their anticipation by waiting at a door or window. We have investigated such a dog, called Jaytee, in more than 100 videotaped experiments. In experiments in which his owner, Pam Smart (PS) returned at randomly-selected times, Jaytee was at the window 4 per cent of the time during the main period of her absence and 55 percent of the time when she was returning (p<0.0001). When PS returned at non-routine times of her own choosing, Jaytee also spent very significantly more time at the window when she was on her way home. His anticipatory behaviour usually began shortly before she set off. In control experiments, when PS was not returning, Jaytee did not wait at the window more and more as time went on. Possible explanations for Jaytee's behavior are discussed. We conclude that the dog's anticipation may have depended on a telepathic influence from his owner.

  A video about Jaytee was produced, which you can view here

• A difficult case: Diagnosis made by hallucinatory voices ランベス病院 （1997年12月）

  In 1984, a woman started hearing a voice in her head. The voice told her she had a brain tumor, where the tumor was, and how to treat it. Despite no other symptoms, doctors eventually ordered tests and found a tumor where the voice said it would be.

  The voice reportedly told her: “Please don't be afraid. I know it must be shocking for you to hear me speaking to you like this, but this is the easiest way I could think of. My friend and I used to work at the Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street, and we would like to help you.”... The operation was carried out in May of 1984 with no surgical complications. According to A.B., she heard from the voices one last time after regaining consciousness when she heard them say, 'We are pleased to have helped you. Goodbye.'

• Extrasensory Electroencephalographic Induction between Identical Twins, トーマス・ジェファーソン大学 （1965年10月）

  Alpha rhythms have been elicited in one of a pair of identical twins as a result of evoking these rhythms in a conventional manner solely in the other.

  PDF here.

超感覚的知覚について

• シェルドレイクの仮説, Wikipedia

• Predicting the Unpredictable: 75 Years of Experimental Evidence, ノエティック・サイエンス研究所 （2011年11月）

  From time immemorial, people have reported foreknowledge of future events... 85 of 101 studies (84%) reported by 25 different laboratories from the United States, Italy, Spain, Holland, Austria, Sweden, England, Scotland, Iran, Japan, and Australia, have produced results in the direction predicted by a retrocausal effect (odds against chance = 1.3 x 1012, via a sign test). Assessment of the methodologies used in these studies has not identified plausible conventional alternatives for the observed outcomes, suggesting the existence of a genuine retrocausal phenomenon.

  PDF here

• Correlation of Continuous Random Data with Major World Events, プリンストン大学 （2002年7月）

  Here we describe data from a global network of physical random number generators that shows unexpected structure apparently associated with major world events.

  Focused analyses of data recorded on September 11, 2001, show departures from random expectation in several statistics.

  In summary, we find evidence for a small, but replicable effect on data from a global network of random generators that is correlated with designated periods of intense collective human activity or engagement, but not with any physical sources of influence.

  More information on similar studies can be found at The Global Consciousness Project of プリンストン大学.

• An Experimental Test of the Hypothesis of Formative Causation, ルパート・シェルドレイク （1992年）

  The hypothesis of formative causation predicts that as animals of a given species learn a new pattern of behaviour, other similar animals will subsequently tend to learn the same thing more readily all over the world, a result of a process called morphic resonance.

  The results are consistent with such an effect, which shows up with a high degree of statistical significance (p < 0.01).

• McDougall's Lamarckian Experiment, ハーバード大学 （1920年から1931年）

  As a result of training rats to perform a specific task for many generations, this investigator claims to have induced inhitance of a specific modification in their behaviour.

  See Rat Learning and Morphic Resonance, an article on these experiments by Ruper Sheldrake.

• Brain-to-brain entrainment: EEG interbrain synchronization while speaking and listening, バスク科学財団 （2017年6月）

  Results show that brain oscillations are synchronized between listener and speaker during conversation. These results demonstrate the existence of brain-to-brain entrainment which is not merely an epiphenomenon of auditory processing, during listening to one speaker. The study highlights the validity of the two-person neuroscience framework for understanding induced brain activity.

• The phantom leaf effect: a replication, パンテオンリサーチ （2015年2月）

  Thirty percent to 60% of plant leaves were amputated, and the remaining leaf sections were photographed with corona discharge imaging.

  Conclusion: A normally undetected phantom "structure," possibly evidence of the biological field, can persist in the area of an amputated leaf section, and corona discharge can occur from this invisible structure.

  See example image here, an overview of ideas about biofield science here, and an overview of devices used in biofield research here.

• Lunar Cycle Effects in Stock Returns, エモリー大学 （2001年9月）

  We find strong lunar cycle effects in stock returns. Specifically, returns in the 15 days around new moon dates are about double the returns in the 15 days around full moon dates. This pattern of returns is pervasive; we find it for all major U.S. stock indexes over the last 100 years and for nearly all major stock indexes of 24 other countries over the last 30 years. In contrast, we find no reliable or economically important evidence of lunar cycle effects in return volatility and volume of trading. Taken as a whole, this evidence is consistent with popular beliefs that lunar cycles affect human behavior.

• Correlations of random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intention: a review of a 12-year program, プリンストン大学 （1997年）

  Strong correlations between output distribution means of a variety of random binary processes and prestated intentions of some 100 individual human operators have been established over a 12-year experimental program. More than 1000 experimental series, employing four different categories of random devices and several distinctive protocols, show comparable magnitudes of anomalous mean shifts from chance expectation, with similar distribution structures.

  [The study] comprising more than 1500 complete experimental series generated over a period of 12 years in rigid tripolar protocols by over 100 unselected human operators using several random digital processors, [demonstrates] strong statistical correlations between the means of the output distributions and the pre-recorded intentions of the operators appear in virtually all of the experiments using random sources.

  PDF here